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Archive for October 7th, 2019

07 October
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传阅:教师的职责是什么?

撰文:伯特兰·罗素
翻译:蓝旭

教书育人本来是个规模小而技艺精妙的行业,只跟少数人相干,近百年来,才成了公共服务中庞大而重要的一行。转变如此巨大,较其他行业有过之而无不及。这一行自有伟大光荣的传统,从历史肇端之际延续至今。然而,身为现代世界的教师,如果有谁听任自己受先贤的理想鼓舞,恐怕会得到明确的告诫,说教师的职责不是传授个人所思所想,而是把雇主认为有用的信念和偏见来灌输给学生。教师向来有饱学深思之誉,大家以为听其言就能善其事。古时候,教师还没有组织,教什么也自行其是。他们固然也常常因为见解不合时宜而受到惩罚——苏格拉底被处以死刑,柏拉图据说曾身陷囹圄,就都是先例——却不妨碍他们的学说畅行于世。果然有志于教,谁不向慕寄身篇籍而自致于不朽,胜过计较年寿修短?为了恰当履行教师的职责,思想独立的意识是不可或缺的。因为教师的本分,便是尽其所能,把知识和理性汇入公众意见形成的过程。古人履行这一职责往往不受羁绊,偶尔有人君命之,众怒犯之,也不过时松时紧,往往难奏其功。到了中世纪,教育受教会的垄断,于是思想、社会两方面都很少发展。文艺复兴时,对学问有一种普遍的尊重,教师的自由因此得到很大程度的恢复。诚然,宗教裁判所曾迫使伽利略尽弃其说,又使布鲁诺蒙受焚身之难,但是这两人在未遭惩创时却已各立其说。大学一类机构,当时多半还是教条主义者在操持,因此学术思想的上乘之作大多出自独立学人之手。尤其在英国,直到19世纪末,第一流的卓荦之士几乎不跟大学发生关联,只有牛顿是个例外。无论如何,那时的社会制度很难干扰他们的活动,也难以阻止他们发挥贡献。

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