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札记:应用公司财务

Aswath Damodaran 中国人民大学出版社 前言 企业的财务决策分为三类: 1、资源投放到何处(投资决策) 2、从哪里募集资金(融资决策) 3、在何种范围以何种形式把资金返还给股东(股利决策) Ch1 基础 投资准则:投资收益率要超过最低可接受的必要收益率(hurdle rate) 融资准则:融资组合能够使投资价值最大化,且能与已有的资产结构相匹配 股利准则:如果没有足够的超过必要收益率的投资项目,就把现金返还给股东 Ch2 决策的目标 利益相关者和冲突:股东、管理者、债权人、雇员、客户、社会 为什么公司财务要实现上市公司的股价最大化? 1、股价最容易被观察 2、如果投资者是理性的,市场是有效的,那么股价将反映出企业决策的长期效应 3、有助于选择筹资的最优方式 公司治理的目标是怎样更好地约束和激励经理人按照股东的利益行事。 反对敌意收购的三种手段: 1、greenmail:通过买断收购者现有股份来避免被收购 2、golden parachute:如果经理人在收购中失去工作,则必须对其大额偿付(以此激励经理人不要反对企业被收购) 3、poison pills:给予股东权利以较低价格购买公司股份 反对敌意收购有利于经营层,但损害股东利益。限制敌意收购就是保护经营层 如何衡量董事会是否有效制衡管理层权力: 1、大多数董事是外部董事吗? 2、董事会主席独立于管理层吗? 3、薪酬委员会和审计委员会完全由外部董事构成吗? 给经理人股票或期权,有助于调和两者之间的利益冲突 收购可被视为一种监督机制,有助于约束管理层,改善糟糕的管理。因此政府不应过度限制收购行为。 P49的公司治理分析是一份很好的提纲 Ch3 风险的基本原理 不同的利益方有不同的风险观 好的风险模型应具备以下特征: 其风险度量方法应适合所有资产而非特定资产;应清楚界定何种风险会获得回报;应有标准化风险衡量方法;应能够将风险水平转化为承担该风险应该获得的收益率 风险是实际收益与预期收益之间的偏差 单个资产的市场风险贝塔:该资产与市场组合之间的协方差/市场组合的方差 市场组合的贝塔为1,平均资产的贝塔为1,超出平均资产风险的资产贝塔>1,无风险资产的贝塔为0 这本书将风险分为两类,一是权益风险,产生于不承诺现金流的投资;一种是违约风险,产生于有承诺现金流的投资。对前者,考察其实际收益对于预期收益的方差;对后者,衡量现金流不被偿还的可能性(这项工作外包的话就是评级) Ch4 实务中的风险度量和必要收益率 如何度量无风险收益率 1、10年期国债收益率 2、以货币主权评级的违约价差做调整 风险溢价取决于投资者风险偏好和平均风险投资的风险水平 认为股票收益在长期会超过债券的观点不仅是危险的,而且没有道理,那样的话股票投资就是无风险的了。 企业的贝塔由三个因素决定: 1、业务类型:顺周期企业贝塔更高,产品弹性高的企业贝塔更高 2、经营杠杆(营业利润变动率/销售收入变动率,反映公司成本结构)越高,贝塔越高 … Continue reading 札记:应用公司财务