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23 July
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札记:三国史话

吕思勉
宦者,养也。宦就是贵族家养的食客,宦官就是皇帝所养的私人,与以公帑养活的官员相对。

周礼,司徒管地方民政、狱讼,也就是刑事和民事案件。一旦涉及用刑,则要移交司寇。因为刑者,是用兵器伤害身体。兵器原本是用于外敌的,因此用到兵器就要找司寇,也就是负责抵御外敌的人。这相当于从司法机关移交军法处置。
时间长了,国家暴力由外转内,变成对付人民,司寇遂演变为治安机构

纨绔子弟有的不是专喜和奴仆为伍吗,这是因为他们的知识,只够听奴仆的话,而且只有奴仆无身份,无骨气,才肯倾身奉承他们。

春秋战国时代历经诸侯争斗,教训深刻,因此秦始皇不肯封建子弟;汉景帝经历七国之乱,从而削减封国的政权。

而古代诸侯之间通婚,极少与士大夫阶层通婚,没有外戚一说,外戚的危害无人清楚,因此在西汉、东汉两次动摇国本。

张鲁和张脩是刘焉的军官,被派去夺取汉中。结果张鲁杀死身为五斗米道巫师的张脩,占据汉中。此地五斗米道兴盛,为巩固统治,张鲁遂妄称其道出自其父亲张陵。

邪魔外道煽动人民,归根结底是因为社会不安,宗教本身并无太大力量。

秦汉的县是春秋的国,乃行政单位;郡是军事单位,战国时代只有在边境才设郡。秦统一六国,必须加强武力镇压,因此将全国分做36郡,开展军事化管理。

曹操能在官渡之战以少胜多,能耐在于历久坚守,挫败袁军锐气。军事的胜败,固然取决于最后五分钟,但也要能支持到最后五分钟,才有决胜的资格。

司马懿在曹操、曹丕时代当文官,曹叡时代才负责关中军事,与诸葛亮作战。他因而能够掌控西部的军队,但东部的军队就不服他了。

所以,司马懿发动政变杀死曹爽后,声讨司马氏的都是扬州刺史:先是司马懿时代的扬州都督王凌,到了司马师时代是扬州都督毋丘俭、扬州刺史文钦,送了司马师的命,到了司马昭时代是扬州刺史诸葛诞。
三国志·魏书·武帝本纪引曹瞒传曰:(北征乌丸)时寒且旱,二百里无复水,军又乏食,杀马数千匹以为粮,凿地入三十馀丈乃得水。既还,科问前谏者,众莫知其故,人人皆惧。公皆厚赏之,曰:“孤前行,乘危以徼幸,虽得之,天所佐也,故不可以为常。诸君之谏,万安之计,是以相赏,后勿难言之。”
 
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