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14 September
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传阅:离婚买房是对夫妻感情“最佳”的褒奖

傅蔚冈

  在北上广深等一线城市,假离婚是一件非常普遍的事。
有民政局工作人员分析,离婚量的增加与房地产调控、孩子入学等政策的发布时间存在巧合,只要有房市新政一发布,离婚高峰就又来了。为了应对突然而至的离婚热潮,不少城市甚至采用“限号离婚”的措施。
如何看待这种为了房子和孩子的离婚?有人认为这种为了外物而离婚的行为是亵渎了婚姻的“神圣性”因此必须予以制止。果真如此吗?
在我看来,与其花大精力来指责当事人以婚姻为谋私利的工具,还不如讨论为什么会有政策催生离婚?尽管在现代社会离婚已不必再受谴责,但也绝对谈不上是件光彩的事。更何况,为了购买二套房而离婚,意味着一方必须冒着一部分财产处于不确定状态下的重大风险——就像很多人说的人财两失。可是即便有这么大的风险,还是有这么多人愿意离婚?
一个可能的解释是,这部分离婚夫妻是“情比金坚”,他们有着深厚的感情,才会不惜以“离婚”为名去追求更多的幸福——房子和子女教育,而这两个因素就在“学区房”上得到体现。笔者身边也有很多人为了二套房而“离婚”的夫妻,这个群体大都有如下特征:夫妻感情不错,有孩子。
如果这个解释成立,那就会遇到一个比较有趣的现象,目前的房产调控政策实际上是对夫妻感情深厚的额外奖励:只要夫妻愿意花半天时间到婚姻登记处办理离婚手续,那么一方就可以获得首套房的优待。在北上广深等一线城市,房子价值不菲,首付动辄数以百万计,通过离婚就能获得首付三成和85折利率的优惠,何乐而不为?当然,并不是每对夫妻都有资格获得这种“制度红利”,那些感情存在瑕疵的夫妻,断然不敢冒这个风险。
尽管这种调控政策在运行当中变成了对夫妻感情深厚的额外奖励,但这绝不是决策者的初衷,也正是如此,不少地区民政局婚姻登记处还写着“楼市有风险、离婚须谨慎”等提示牌。那么,为什么中国会出现这些和“善良风俗”相违背的制度?
这可能和政府对房产市场的判断有关:政府认为投机客的行为导致了房产上涨,因此必须抑制需求,但是在房价上涨的预期下,需方——也就是民众有着无尽的激励来逃避这种规制,而离婚只是其中的一个方式,在一定程度上是依法行政的胜利——政府尽管能简单粗暴地命令银行实行首套房优待,但却不能对市民的离婚提出否定意见。
也正是在这种条件下,离婚才成为制度对夫妻感情深厚者的额外奖赏,这可能是民众意想不到,政府不愿意面对却不得不承受的结果。问题的关键是:为什么银行不能自行决定发放贷款的利率,而必须按照政府的规定来办?只要存在这种制度缺陷,那么就会有各种各样的“套利者”。

 
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