传阅：生逢乱世 如何自处
2016年，特朗普在美国总统大选中获胜，随后，耶鲁大学历史系教授提莫西·施耐德在Facebook上发表了一篇短文，标题是“20世纪给我们的20个教训——帮助我们在特朗普政府下生存”。
提莫西·施耐德在极权政治、东中欧和犹太人大屠杀历史方面都有很深的研究，埃尔特的阅读日课推荐过他的著作《黑土：大屠杀为何发生？生态恐慌、国家毁灭的历史警讯》（台版），施耐德在书中为纳粹对犹太人的种族灭绝行为提供了一种全新的解释，同时也对我们这个时代可能会导致类似的暴力狂欢发出了警告。
2017年，施耐德把帖子里的20条建议扩充成了一本小册子出版，名字叫《暴政之下》。
这20条建议，是我个人最近几年看过的最准确也最实用的建议，再一次推荐给你。
全文及大译如下：
1、不要预先服从，独裁者的权力往往都是人民免费让渡的……预先的服从会让当政者得寸进尺，加速对人民自由的剥夺。
Do not obey in advance. Much of the power of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these, individuals think ahead about what a more repressive government will want, and then start to do it without being asked. You’ve already done this, haven’t you? Stop. Anticipatory obedience teaches authorities what is possible and accelerates unfreedom.
2、捍卫制度，捍卫那些你相信的东西，法制、自由、权利。这些制度无法自我保护，除非从一开始就守护好它们，否则它们会像多米诺骨牌一样迅速倒下。
Defend an institution. Follow the courts or the media, or a court or a newspaper. Do not speak of “our institutions” unless you are making them yours by acting on their behalf. Institutions don’t protect themselves. They go down like dominoes unless each is defended from the beginning.
3、保持自己的职业操守。当政府、领导人或者政治变得荒谬的时候，对公正的坚持就变得更加重要。
Recall professional ethics. When the leaders of state set a negative example, professional commitments to just practice become much more important. It is hard to break a rule-of-law state without lawyers, and it is hard to have show trials without judges.
4、警惕政治术语对我们的洗脑。别一听到“敌对势力”、“恐怖主义”、“保卫祖国”就激动，不要活在那些自己都搞不清定义的致命概念中。
When listening to politicians, distinguish certain words. Look out for the expansive use of “terrorism” and “extremism.” Be alive to the fatal notions of “exception” and “emergency.” Be angry about the treacherous use of patriotic vocabulary.
5、当发生极端事件的时候，保持冷静。当恐怖袭来时，请记住，所有的独裁者都在等待甚至制造这样的事件，来巩固自己的独裁统治。独裁专制，比偶发的极端事件更可怕。
Be calm when the unthinkable arrives. When the terrorist attack comes, remember that all authoritarians at all times either await or plan such events in order to consolidate power. Think of the Reichstag fire. The sudden disaster that requires the end of the balance of power, the end of opposition parties, and so on, is the oldest trick in the Hitlerian book. Don’t fall for it.
6、善待我们的语言，不要使用那些泛滥的粗鄙短语。认真看待自己的说话方式，即使只是在传达你认为每个人都在说的内容，也要警惕自己的用词。去读哈维尔的《无权者的力量》、乔治·奥威尔的《1984》，汉娜·阿伦特的《极权主义的起源》吧。
Be kind to our language. Avoid pronouncing the phrases everyone else does. Think up your own way of speaking, even if only to convey that thing you think everyone is saying. What to read? Perhaps “The Power of the Powerless” by Václav Havel, 1984 by George Orwell, The Captive Mind by Czesław Milosz, The Rebel by Albert Camus, The Origins of Totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt, or Nothing is True and Everything is Possible by Peter Pomerantsev.
7、挺身而出。一个社会，总需要一些人敢于站出来，对不公正的现象说不。在你树立榜样的那一刻，现状的魔咒就会被打破，其他人也会随之而来。
Stand out. Someone has to. It is easy, in words and deeds, to follow along. It can feel strange to do or say something different. But without that unease, there is no freedom. And the moment you set an example, the spell of the status quo is broken, and others will follow.
8、相信真理。寻找真相，放弃事实就是放弃自由。
Believe in truth. To abandon facts is to abandon freedom. If nothing is true, then no one can criticize power, because there is no basis upon which to do so. If nothing is true, then all is spectacle. The biggest wallet pays for the most blinding lights.
9、核查信息。想办法解决自己的疑问，花更多时间读、写长篇文章。通过订阅有操守的媒体来资助那些调查性报道。多了解一些其他国家的信息。
Investigate. Figure things out for yourself. Spend more time with long articles. Subsidize investigative journalism by subscribing to print media. Realize that some of what is on your screen is there to harm you. Learn about sites that investigate foreign propaganda pushes.
10、自由结社。权力希望看到你懒洋洋的陷在沙发上，任由情绪在网络中消散。站起来，走出去，结交新朋友，实现自由人的结社。
Practice corporeal politics. Power wants your body softening in your chair and your emotions dissipating on the screen. Get outside. Put your body in unfamiliar places with unfamiliar people. Make new friends and march with them.
11、多和他人进行眼神交流和闲谈。打破不必要的社交障碍、了解你应该信任谁。
Make eye contact and small talk. This is not just polite. It is a way to stay in touch with your surroundings, break down unnecessary social barriers, and come to understand whom you should and should not trust. If we enter a culture of denunciation, you will want to know the psychological landscape of your daily life.
12、肩负责任，力所能及地改变自己周围的环境。留意纳粹标志和其他挑动仇恨的标语，不要熟视无睹，把他们摘下来，让他们知道，有反抗的力量。
Take responsibility for the face of the world. Notice the swastikas and the other signs of hate. Do not look away and do not get used to them. Remove them yourself and set an example for others to do so.
13、不要放弃投票的机会。
Hinder the one-party state. The parties that took over states were once something else. They exploited a historical moment to make political life impossible for their rivals. Vote in local and state elections while you can.
14、定期为公益事业捐款，资助你认同的公民组织，为支持善事做出你自由的选择。
Give regularly to good causes, if you can. Pick a charity and set up autopay. Then you will know that you have made a free choice that is supporting civil society helping others doing something good.
15、保护隐私，定期检查和清除电脑上的恶意软件。少发邮件，多当面交流。
Establish a private life. Nastier rulers will use what they know about you to push you around. Scrub your computer of malware. Remember that email is skywriting. Consider using alternative forms of the internet, or simply using it less. Have personal exchanges in person. For the same reason, resolve any legal trouble. Authoritarianism works as a blackmail state, looking for the hook on which to hang you. Try not to have too many hooks.
16、向其他国家的人学习。维持国外的朋友关系，或者在国外结交新朋友。今天的困境不是某一个国家的事，而是全世界面临的大趋势，没有哪个国家能够独自找到解决方案。确保你和你的家人有护照。
Learn from others in other countries. Keep up your friendships abroad, or make new friends abroad. The present difficulties here are an element of a general trend. And no country is going to find a solution by itself. Make sure you and your family have passports.
17、警惕准军事人员。当那些声称反对体制的持枪者开始穿上制服，拿着火把和领导人的照片四处走动时，危险就在逼近了。
Watch out for the paramilitaries. When the men with guns who have always claimed to be against the system start wearing uniforms and marching around with torches and pictures of a Leader, the end is nigh. When the pro-Leader paramilitary and the official police and military intermingle, the game is over.
18、如果你是公职人员，希望你有把枪口抬高一寸的勇气，愿上帝保守你的良心，不遵从恶法。
Be reflective if you must be armed. If you carry a weapon in public service, God bless you and keep you. But know that evils of the past involved policemen and soldiers finding themselves, one day, doing irregular things. Be ready to say no. (If you do not know what this means, contact the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and ask about training in professional ethics.)
19、保持自己的勇气，如果我们没有人准备为自由而死，那么所有人都将死在不自由中。
Be as courageous as you can. If none of us is prepared to die for freedom, then all of us will die in unfreedom.
20、做一个爱国者，为后代树立一个真正爱国者的榜样。他们需要它。
Be a patriot. The incoming president is not. Set a good example of what America means for the generations to come. They will need it.
下面是Timothy Snyder教授个人的网站和耶鲁大学关于20条建议的的网站：
https://timothysnyder.org/
https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/workshop_readings_-_february_2.pdf
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