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21 August
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传阅:中国通史的一种读法

吴思

一、农民与帝国

1、帝国是暴力竞争的产物

当掠夺性活动的利益高于生产性活动、并可以长期保持稳定之时,人类社会便出现了以暴力掠夺为专业的群体,出现了这种分工的社会表现形态——“暴力-财政实体”。暴力-财政实体内部有暴力赋敛集团和福利生产集团。暴力-财政实体内部的各种正式关系,总是由最强伤害能力的拥有者规定或认可的。人类社会中的各种权利安排,从政权到产权到种种人身权利,都是暴力保护下的某种安排的称谓。有文献可证的中国文明史早期,井田制中的庶人在公田里偷懒。公田里草荒严重。社会主要物质生产者难以监督和惩罚的大规模偷懒行为,造成了贵族和庶人双方的损失,削弱了国家的整体实力,使之在暴力-财政实体林立的诸侯竞争中处于不安全的地位。这种困境逼出了中国历史上最初的分田和土地自由买卖,公田上的劳役也转变为“初税亩”中的实物。 Read more…